Chain Management of Pharmaceutical Companies-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Global Logistics and supply Chain Management of Pharmaceutical Companies. Answer: Introduction The report discusses the strategies followed by pharmaceutical companies to be successful in its sector. As it is a very critical sector therefore each phase of the supply chain has to be responsibly undertaken. The example, undertaken is of Roche Company, which is a successful pharmaceutical company and the various logistic management strategies of the company is studied. The report discusses the deficiencies that are incurred during the manufacturing and distribution of the pharmaceutical products and if these deficiencies are avoided, then any unsuccessful company can take a turn towards being a successful company. The various reasons of the success of good supply chain management are discussed via the example discussed below: Successful Pharmaceuticals companies like Roche make effective strategies to reduce counterfeit medicines in comparison to unsuccessful pharma companies. Strategies used for success Few of these strategies are as shown below: Logistics Medicines which have suffered unlawful events are imported as finished products with more safety and automated lines. The products are transferred through manufacturers who are the product owners to distributors through safe inventory system. Managers order and make invoices on behalf of manufacturers and collects payments too. Logistic operators are responsible for packing, picking and transporting material safe handedly to the warehouse. The whole process if analyzed for better results and output (Grimald, 2012). Drug Regulatory Measures Unsuccessful companies hampers drug regulatory measures like they dont hire qualified staff and machinery, there is poor coordination in systems, weak supply chain and lack of proper monitoring. However, successful companies, have structured drug regulatory measures. There is proper implementation of systems and stakeholders are also interviewed in a structured manner. Successful pharmaceutical companies implement better communication, collect feedbacks from customers and other complaints and prepare successful supply chain and logistic strategies to protect drug counterfeit. Few regulatory measures which successful companies practice are fragmenting drug regulatory responsibility for better implementation of tasks. These companies manage their shortcoming in a better way and their supply chain is always audited at each and every step to avoid counterfeit medicines. Unsuccessful companies are ineffective due to corruption, weak communication system, and poor coordination, lack of fin ance and shortage of effective human resource personnel. On site Quality Surveillance and Inspection Systems Successful companies focus on efficient and cost effective ways for surveillance and inspection of large samples of drugs in the company. Pilot Project in Tanzania used a thin layer chromatography to test in their drug quality. This pilot project helped to improve the testing capacity and improve the quality of medicines; this technique was cheap and required simple training. Many batches have been tested with this technique with the aim to improve quality of the final medicines produced. Hence, successful companies like this follow a inspection system in order to check their drug quality before it is finally prepared. This includes very less costs, but provides greater benefits (Fadlallah, et al., 2016). Similarly, there are several factors that have to be taken care of while working in a pharmaceutical sector. It is a very critical business as it involves the life and death of the patients. There are various factors and concerns that have been listed, which needs to be addressed if a company seeks to be a successful company in a pharmaceutical supply chain. There is no proper or insufficient temperature management of storehouse and also the means of transportation of products of both cold chain and room temperature products. The packaging and the means of transportation also do not get approved properly and remain in that state for the whole duration of the delivery time The training of staff in GDP (Good distribution Practice) is very crucial to maintain the standards and composition of the ingredients of the product. In the absence of which, various unauthorized activities take place; while distribution of the product that should be dealt with stringently. Also in terms of employment, the role and the specific tasks of the staff are not defined and thereby the work does not take place in compliance with the license conditions Competitive advantage The distribution of the pharmaceutical products accounts to be a very essential activity of the integrated supply chain management of the pharmaceutical products. There are numerous number of agencies that are involved in the handling, storing and distributing the pharmaceutical products. The competitive advantage and success will be for those companies which take ownership of all the phases that are involved in the distribution process and the entire supply chain. Another important point for having a competitive edge is that it is important that storing of the drug products is as per required conditions of the temperature, humidity and the light which would result in better identity, strength, quality and purity of the pharmaceutical products. Finally, for the success of the industry as a whole it is very important that the whole sellers comply with the principles of good distribution practices. The main focus should be on the quality. The quality system should be adequate. Every activity needs to be controlled even the drivers should be trained properly as it is analyzed that the drivers those are responsible for the pharmaceutical products are not trained properly. Therefore, the risk and due diligence should be properly carried out in every minor activity also of the supply chain (Trapsida Desta, 2017). Strategies followed for competitive advantage Public Awareness: A successful pharmaceutical company will always work to increase public awareness and educate their target audience unlike an unsuccessful company which is least bothered about it. Public awareness camp was organized on counterfeit medicines by Mali and Mauritania to influence students and check the efficiency of their camp. Students could recall that there is need for reducing the dangers in medicine by seeing posters and they were convinced that there is better need to have control on drug outlets. Through this study, it was found that these campaigns will show better results and can make a company more successful when better channels will be used like that of media channels, distribution of posters in public places and proper communication of the message to the target audience. Online customers can also be targeted to increase their knowledge about counterfeit medicines (Muthoni, 2014). Companies which organize these kinds of surveys and public awareness campaign s, sets a positive image in front of their customers. This strategy will help to portray itself positively in from of its customers and finally help them increase their profits in the long run. Also, this will bring competitive advantage to a pharmaceutical company to survive in the long run. Step by step segregation of tasks: Many other effective strategies have been followed in various countries. Some of them includes, firstly, division of responsibilities which will help to reduce duplication of work and wastage, the tasks can be implemented judiciously. Secondly, Implementation of tasks under full coordination and delegating tasks for better accountability. Thirdly, Allocating right resources to the right function (Fadlallah, et al., 2016). Fourthly, checking the authenticity of the drug, from where it came and who manufactured it, fifthly, to check and inspect the documents guidelines and points are being fulfilled. Sixthly, to make sure that human resource personnel are being available. Seventh, ensuring the financial mechanism is being checked and lastly maintain balance among all drug regulatory functions. Rules and regulations: It is important for a successful pharmaceutical company to follow all rules and laws related to counterfeit medicines. Few companies in Nigeria do not have laws governing to sale, distribution, import or export to control the illegal system in the society. Hence, even if a country does not follow such rules, it is important that companies themselves become liable and provide quality products to the society (Ingelheim, 2017). Sync between the processes: To ensure success in a pharmaceutical company it is imperative that the people those are involved in each stage and in each process of the supply chain work in sync with each other to make sure that supply chain integrity and compliance is addressed. It is also analyzed that the failures are due to human errors. A large number of reported defective medicines are not due to failure of technology, but due to human error (LaTorre-Snyder, 2016). Counterfeit alertness is very essential to provide quality products, proper measures and adequate methods should be taken while delivering the products. There is an increase in the growth of counterfeiting all over the world, in the developed countries, it accounts for 1%, whereas in case of developing countries it is around 10%. The main reason is that the customers or the patients take a short cut and order medicines over the internet. There are various cases of selling counterfeiting medicines over the internet and that is why now certain steps are taken to make aware the masses convince them to use a real prescription while taking medicines, failing to do so, can result in very serious consequences like death. It is very essential to establish control, review genuine and actual risks in multifaceted supply chains. It is also imperative to understand that what is the starting point and what is the ending point of every individual responsibility. Good practices ascertain that the q uality of the medicines is maintained. The temperatures of the environment also play a crucial role in this industry, thereby due care has to be taken to ascertain that under what weather conditions which medicines have to be stored and transported. A major challenge is that that when the temperatures of the environment rises, then the goods have to be very carefully transported while maintaining the required temperature. To ensure success in a pharmaceutical company it is imperative that the people those are involved in each stage and in each process of the supply chain work in sync with each other to make sure that supply chain integrity and compliance is addressed. It is also analyzed that the failures are due to human errors. A large number of reported defective medicines are not due to failure of technology, but due to human error Suitability in unsuccessful companies Roche is a leading company in the healthcare industry and is successful as it follows all national and government rules and provides original treatment to the patients. They are involved with the government to make better laws and rules for reducing counterfeit medicine. Roches medicines are available only through prescription and their staff is well trained to meet all requirements of the government. Contrary, illegal pharmacies which sell counterfeit medicine bring harm to customers and society. Hence, Roche recommends purchasing medicine from authorized dealers only. Roche supports the government policies and provide authorized and reliable medicines. Latest technologies have been employed for better and faster results. Therefore, the unsuccessful companies too can work on the same pattern (F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 2017). The need of the hour is that in order to be competitive it is important to optimize the pharmaceutical supply chain and delivering it in accordance to the safety of the patient. All the stakeholders like the suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and partners who transport and allocate products to the customers must make sure that the best product quality is delivered by the distribution network by following the GDP approach. It is very important to keep and maintain the standards as the products are transported both locally and globally. Now a day in order to be successful; education, training and constructing awareness is the need of the hour to maintain and regularly improve quality and supply chain standards. Working exclusive of supply chain integrity and authenticity will fail to deliver safety to the patient (Dylst Vulto, 2013). Sustainability in Roche A pharmaceutical company impacts numerous lives around the globe by researching on various medicines and lifesaving products. Hence, it is essential for them to operate sustainability in the form of quality and safe products. They also need to simultaneously work on improved and creative therapies to meet medical emergencies. A pharmaceutical company needs to act responsibly in their code of conduct and thinking to provide significant value to the customers (Singal, 2017). Roche company is committed to sustainability. Roche works on bringing efficiency and continuous improvement in their systems and tasks of reducing counterfeit medicines. The resources and raw material are being carefully analyzed and it is also being taken care that resources are environmentally friendly with minimum wastage. Roche continues to work for minimum wastage and checking the raw material at each step to avoid counterfeit medicines. This will provide safe medicines to the people and will bring trust among people in society. The evaluation of environment and safe medicines is being done by collecting, aggregating the data from Roche website and their clients feedback. A key indicator of their performance includes: use of sustainable energy, maintaining eco-balance, safe health of their clients, training their employees, audit research and benchmarking performances for better results Recommendation Always checking the authenticity of the drug, from where it came and who manufactured it. Then to check and inspect the documents, guidelines and points are being fulfilled. To make sure that human resource personnel are being available. Ensuring the financial mechanism are being checked and lastly maintain balance among all drug regulatory functions. In order to be competitive it is important to optimize the pharmaceutical supply chain and delivering it in accordance to the safety of the patient. It is very important to keep and maintain the standards as the products are transported both locally and globally. In order to be successful; education, training and constructing awareness is the need of the hour to maintain and regularly improve quality and supply chain standards. The competitive advantage and success will be for those companies which take ownership of all the phases that are involved in the distribution process and the entire supply chain Conclusion The reason why some companies become unsuccessful in the pharmaceutical sector are that these companies do not pay enough heed to drug regulatory measures as these companies do not hire qualified staff and machinery; there is poor coordination in systems, weak supply chain and lack of proper monitoring. Whereas, the successful companies, follow structured drug regulatory measures and also hire trained employees. There is proper implementation of systems. Successful pharmaceutical companies implement better communication, collect feedbacks from customers and other complaints and prepare successful supply chain and logistic strategies to protect drug counterfeit. These companies manage their shortcoming in a better way and their supply chain is always audited at each and every step to avoid counterfeit medicines. Unsuccessful companies are also ineffective due to corrupt; there is a weak communication system, and poor coordination between different phases of the supply chain, lack of f inance and shortage of effective human resource personnel. The competitive advantage and success will be for those companies which take ownership of all the phases that are involved in the distribution process and the entire supply chain. Online customers can also be targeted to increase their knowledge about counterfeit medicines. This strategy will help to portray itself positively in from of its customers and finally help them increase their profits in the long run. Also, this will bring competitive advantage to a pharmaceutical company to survive in the long run References Dylst, P. Vulto, A., 2013. Generic medicines: solutions for a sustainable drug market?. PMC journal, 11(5), pp. 437-43. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 2017. Fighting counterfeit products. [Online] Fadlallah, R., Annan, F. Azzam, H., 2016. Strategies and Systems-Level Interventions to Combat or Prevent Drug Counterfeiting: A Systematic Review of Evidence Beyond Effectiveness. PMC journal, 30(5), p. 263276. Fadlallah, R., El-Jardali , F., Annan, F. Azzam, H., 2016. Strategies and Systems-Level Interventions to Combat or Prevent Drug Counterfeiting: A Systematic Review of Evidence Beyond Effectiveness. Pharmaceutical Medicine journal, October, 30(5), p. 263276. Grimald, P., 2012. Roche Argentina: Fighting counterfeit medicines using a traceability system based on GS1 Standards: Healthcare Reference Book, Available at: https://www.gs1.org.ar/documentos/casos%20de%20exito/Caso_Roche.pdf Ingelheim, B., 2017. Dangers of counterfeit medicines, Available at: https://www.boehringer-ingelheim.com/sustainability/anti-counterfeiting/dangers-counterfeit-medicines LaTorre-Snyder, M., 2016. Keeping Counterfeit Medicines Out of the Supply Chain, Available at: https://www.pharmpro.com/article/2016/01/keeping-counterfeit-medicines-out-supply-chain Muthoni, J., 2014. Anti-Counterfeiting Strategies Adopted By Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Firms In Kenya And Organizational Performance, Available at: https://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/76838/Marete_Anti-counterfeiting%20Strategies%20Adopted%20by%20Pharmaceutical%20Manufacturing%20Firms%20in%20Kenya%20and%20Organizational%20Performance.pdf?sequence=3 Singal, R., 2017. Understanding the aims of sustainability and transformation plans (STPs) and what they mean for pharmacy, Available at: https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/learning/learning-article/understanding-the-aims-of-sustainability-and-transformation-plans-stps-and-what-they-mean-for-pharmacy/20202233.article Trapsida, J. Desta, A., 2017. Preventing and controlling substandard and counterfeit medical products in the WHO African region, Available at: https://www.aho.afro.who.int/en/ahm/issue/15/reports/preventing-and-controlling-substandard-and-counterfeit-medical-products-who

Immortality in Shakespeares Sonnets Essay Example

Immortality in Shakespeares Sonnets Paper The idea of immortality will either fascinate or scare you; fascinate you in the way that something could stay the same forever or scare you because nothing lives forever. Shakespeare felt true love was eternal despite anything and beauty was everlasting through his words. He believed Time was the taker of all things, but if his words and love were powerful enough, they could defeat Time. Sonnets 65,104,108, and 116 demonstrate how he has defeated Time with imagery, love, and admiration. Shakespeare gives credit to Time in these four sonnets by displaying it’s ability to make things decay, fade, and die. He says right away, â€Å"Since brass, nor stone, nor earth, nor boundless sea, but sad mortality o’ersways their power. † I imagine brass becoming rusty, stones perishing, the earth decaying, and the sea evaporating all with this first line. He then proposes a question we all might ask, â€Å"How with this rage shall beauty hold a plea, whose action is no stronger than a flower? † (65) A flower is delicate in every way. If held by the petal the petal will tear, if shaken the petals will fall, if stepped on the flower will die. A tone of despair continues though out this short sonnet while he contemplates ways to defeat Time. We will write a custom essay sample on Immortality in Shakespeares Sonnets specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Immortality in Shakespeares Sonnets specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Immortality in Shakespeares Sonnets specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer â€Å"O, fearful meditation, where, alack, shall Time’s best jewel from Time’s chest lie hid? Or what strong hand can hold his swift foot back,† Shakespeare has compared beauty to a jewel which would compare just as equal because jewels are rare and beautiful. I felt imagery was brought out as well because I imagined a huge grandfather clock ticking, but inside the clock a little man trying to stop it and failing each second. Then in a moment of clarity and brilliance, Shakespeare finds a way to beat Time! He is reminded and content in knowing that his verses can preserve youth’s beauty. â€Å"That in black ink my love may still shine bright† The beauty of his beloved can last forever now because of the beautiful words he has written to describe her. This last verse is ironic because it’s saying black will shine bright. Black isn’t really a color that shines brightly which makes that closing verse more powerful. Nothing can take away his words, including Time because everyone will have read them and will remember it. Just as his words can defeat Time, his memory and true admiration cannot be taken away either. Sonnet 104 is absolutely wonderful because it’s about a man who is just thrown by his friend’s beauty no matter how much time has passed since the last time they were together. Right away he confesses his admiration, â€Å"To me, fair friend, you never can be old, for as you were when first your eye I eyed, such seems your beauty still. † He then uses fantastic season imagery when writing about all the seasons. â€Å"Three winters cold have from the forests shook three summers’ pride; .. † It just perfectly illustrates a summer tree with no more leaves and only branches. These verses definitely take you back to each season. Shakespeare goes on to argue in the next couplet, if youth’s beauty has gone away: Beauty will never amount to youth’s face, nor will anything in the future be more beautiful than he. Youth’s beauty is immortal against Time because they met in â€Å"beauty’s summer† which was the boys perfect state. Shakespeare is saying his beauty is immortal because it doesn’t matter how long it’s been or who else comes into this world; I have seen what real beauty is so nothing can or will ever compare. Now that Shakespeare has proved beauty to be immortal with words and memories, he must prove that love is also part of immortality. Sonnet 108 is also written to a boy whom I am not sure who he is. Despite who he is writing to, he declares his love to be everlasting and eternal. In fact, he’s not quite sure how to express himself anymore so that he does not sound repetitive. â€Å"What’s in the brain that ink may character which hath not figured to thee my true spirit? † However, as many times as he has declared his love, he feels he must just as it is required to pray everyday. Time had no affect on this love no matter the wrinkles or age. â€Å"So that eternal love in love’s fresh case weighs not the dust and injury of age, nor gives to necessary wrinkles place, . . . † Time may have literally taken away his flawless face and youth, but love is stronger than Time. Love sees things in the purest form and from the first time it began. In this sonnet, Shakespeare somewhat lives in the past when thinking and describing the boy’s beauty. Beauty has still remained immortal in this sonnet as does his love for never changing. Continuing on Love, Shakespeare executes the idea of love being immortal in sonnet 116. â€Å"Love is not love which alters when it alteration finds, or bends with the remover to remove. † Now, this poem is exactly what love being immortal is all about. From the first verse to the last verse, it remains incredibly powerful and true. Time stands no chance against a love like this. â€Å"O no, it is an ever-fixed mark that looks on tempests and is never shaken; . .† Love cannot be shaken or unchanged, once you love someone it can never go away. It’s as if its’ been permanently engraved in your heart and soul and there’s no going back. Shakespeare begins to beat Time down by saying even Love is greater than beauty and you. â€Å"Love’s not time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks within his bending sickle’s compass come: Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, but bears it out even to the edge of doom. † Time continues everyday leaving everything behind . . . EXCEPT Love. Shakespeare is so persistent is this theory that he is willing to put even his own reputation on the line. â€Å"If this be error and upon me proved, I never writ, nor no man ever loved. † An intense closing verse for someone who has so much riding on himself. If he believed wholeheartedly that Time could in no way defeat Love, it must be true. Shakespeare as usual does an excellent job illustrating imagery, passion, and complex ideas with his work. The sonnets I chose were chosen because they somewhat all linked. Shakespeare believed in immortality with beauty and love. He proved with these four sonnets, that Time surely was inevitable, but could be conquered. He preserves beauty and love with his sonnets making everything he’s seen and felt to be immortal until Time itself has finished.

Scholarship Essay Sample - Things to Consider

Scholarship Essay Sample - Things to ConsiderWriting a scholarship essay is not as easy as writing a regular one, but if you have done your homework you can write an essay with better results. The challenge of writing an essay is to convince the reader that you know what you are talking about and have enough knowledge to support your opinions. That is why scholarship essay samples are so important, because they provide you with a template of what you can expect to see.If you want to impress someone and apply for a scholarship, you need to be prepared when you write your scholarship essay. A scholarship essay usually has three sections: Subject, Body and Signpost. Of course, you cannot mention every detail in each of these sections but you must be able to present your points in them. An outline helps you make more headway in each section.When you are writing your essay, make sure that your main subject is related to the one you wrote in your original essay. Your topic should be pertin ent to the one you wrote. It is also advisable to always include your interests and activities in your essay, because people do not really like it when they are not given a reason why they should trust you. In your topic, write about the kind of person you are and the kind of person you want to become.The body is the most important thing in any essay. You need to present your passion, which is usually shown in your writing style, your experience or knowledge, your hobbies and the likes of your family. You can add your experiences as a student in this part, and how you are going to apply your knowledge and experience in your future academic achievements.Writing a scholarship essay is a very simple process but if you want to give your essay a higher rank, then you need to take note of the essay sample you will be using. Scholarship essay samples are very useful to you because they give you the exact details of what you will be writing about.Make sure that you only use scholarship essa y sample that has already been created by someone who has already written a lot of essays. These samples are made by experts in the field so they can only give you an idea of what it is like to write an essay.Your outline is a brief summary of the points you are going to cover in your essay. Write the outline first, before you actually start writing your essay. An outline helps you stay focused on the topics that you want to discuss in your essay.Using a scholarship essay sample is a great way to improve your skills. Scholarship essays are more difficult than regular essays, so it is important that you prepare well before writing your essays. You can also check for scholarship essay samples on the internet.

the dissolution of the manasteries essays

the dissolution of the manasteries essays The Dissolution of the Monasteries and the events which followed, were all brought about as a direct result of the break with Rome. The reason for the break, lies simply in Henrys frustration at his inability to secure a divorce form his wife Catherine of Aragon, and a blessing from the Pope for his new marriage to Anne Boleyn, although arguably, there was a need for reformation within the church. Prior to the break with Rome, the church was rife with pluralism, simony (one of the popes main failings) and breaches of the vows of celibacy. It is therefore clear that there were problems with the English church prior to the break, but although it was unpopular, many people including Henry remained Catholic: A firm Catholic, he was keen to have papal approval, and the more unlikely this became, the more he was forced to question the Popes jurisdiction in England [2] To accomplish a break, Henry needed some kind of justification, and he would also have to ensure that in implementing the break itself, he was not seen as supporting heresy and the Protestant reformation in particular. With the aid of advisor Thomas Cromwell, Henry aims to enact the break with Rome using statute authority; that of the king, lords and commons acting through parliament. A sequence of truly revolutionary acts of parliament now cut the bonds spiritual, legal, financial which linked the English church and state to Rome [3] There were several main landmarks in the break with Rome, the first of which was the act in restraint of appeals. This was a justification and definition of royal supremacy, and was grafted by Thomas Cromwell. It was the act of supremacy in 1534 however, that would prove to be Henrys greatest step forward in the break. It confirmed Henrys headship of the church and explicitly reserved the crown the rights to the organizing and jurisdictional powers formerly held by the Papa...

The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Its Effects on Africa Research Paper

The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Its Effects on Africa - Research Paper Example According to Muriithi, the blacks were not only massively enslaved, but also sold into bondage across the continents . In wanting to know more about slavery and its impacts one, can try to find out what Transatlantic Slave Trade entails (TST). Traditional answers associate transatlantic trade with enslavement and transportation of Africans to the New World through Atlantic Ocean. According to Green, The transatlantic slave trade was a human atrocity that involved transportation of millions of men and women from sub-Saharan Africa. Green further claims that TST began in 15th century when the European kingdoms portrayed some ability to expand overseas and reach Africa. According to him, the Portuguese was among the first Europeans to expand their demand for slaves into Africa. In tandem to this, Rodney asserts that the Portuguese began by kidnapping people from the West Coast of Africa and transporting them to Europe . According to him, by 16th century, almost 10% of Lisbon was filled up be Africans. In their book, Olaniyan and Sweet also expounds on what must have led to increase in the rate of slave capturing. According to them, the demand for slaves rose exponentially when the Europeans discovered the American continent; both the Europeans and the Americans were insufficient .

Project management assignment NO.2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project management assignment NO.2 - Essay Example During construction, activities are done based on the order that they should be carried out. Duration for each activity is estimated based on current data available. A network model is established to show the relationship among the activities and a critical path method is used to determine the critical and non critical activities. CPM is important because it shows the management the activities that need much attention and monitoring to avoid unnecessary delays in project completion (Taha 267). As shown in Diagram 1, constructing foundation and framing are the first two important activities to do because they serve as the framework of the house. Several activities such as plumbing, roofing and wiring are done right after framing since these activities are associated with the different parts of the house and so, they can be started anytime without any delay. Landscaping requires a stable water system so it should be done only after plumbing is finished. Finishing activities and painting are both done after plastering since the house is considered almost finish by that time. Lastly, activities such as making curtains and laying carpet are considered as final activities and should only be done after the whole structure of the house is built and painted. This means that these two paths constitute the time period of project completion. According to the computed critical path (Table 1), the project will be completed in 42 working days. Therefore the project should be started on November 17, 2008 in order to finish it by January 19, 2009. Working days exclude weekends and holidays like New Year and Thanksgiving Day. All the critical activities are shaded in Table 1. This means that these activities are the most important tasks in the project and therefore must be done on schedule. Non critical activities are plumbing, wiring, landscaping, finishing and attaching TV antenna. They are considered non critical because they can be done in advance or

The Victorian world does Dickens evoke in the novel Essay Example for Free

The Victorian world does Dickens evoke in the novel Essay What sort of a picture of the Victorian world does Dickens evoke in the novel? The first experience of Pips that Dickens shares with us is his first encounter with Magwitch, an escaped convict bound with those infamous iron chains around his legs that haunt Pip for an extensive part of the novel. It appears that there was a lot of criminal activity around at that time, and crime plays a large part in the novel right from the first chapter. To account for all the offences there were many penalties. Pip not only faces tickler as his punishment at home repeatedly, but he is then terrified of being found out about stealing from Mrs Gargery by the police, because of the threat of the consequences. Though his punishment would not have been as severe as his imagination would invent, the possible punishments for people in that period must have scared him immensely. He was always very aware of the Hulks near him (because of the gunshots), and he most likely knew about transportation and execution, as well as the threats that he had been given by Magwitch before, which could easily torment a young boy with a guilty conscience. I fully expected to find a Constable in the kitchen, waiting to take me up. When Pip arrives in London, we then see how execution was far more common than nowadays and that it was more of an accepted punishment, and even a publicly open event. In the novel there are also references to the gallows, hanging and whipping; all done explicitly, for spectators too. Even Pip is shocked when he finds out about this. This was horrible, and gave me a sickening idea of London Once Pip meets Jaggers, we see breaches in the whole system of justice as, if you have the money, it seems that you can often buy your innocence, especially when someone like Jaggers is prepared and unashamed to concoct lies and change the evidence for someone in court, just to win the case. This unfair system gave an inequitable benefit to the wealthy and made it almost impossible for a lower class and poorer citizen to be proven innocent, and more obviously, it made it impossible to determine true justice in a case. Victorian society was very money orientated and materialistic, and I imagine that Dickens himself was very cynical about the structure of ones life depending on your wealth, background, property and possessions. It worked out that the rich had endless advantages over the poor they were able to get better education, jobs, respect and status. Further more, as you were almost certainly given a higher opinion the wealthier you were, better services would be have been offered to those, and again they would, without hesitation, be given priority over the poor in any circumstance. The poor were more often than not very badly educated, and from the novel we can see that Joe was illiterate which was common for others like him. When Pip lived at the forge, he was only tutored very basically by Biddy. I struggled through the alphabet as if it had been a bramble-bush; getting considerably worried and scratched by every letter.